Advances in Research on the ITCZ: Mean Position, Model Bias, and Anthropogenic Aerosol Influences

Hua ZHANG; Xinyu MA; Shuyun ZHAO; Linghan KONG

doi:10.1007/s13351-021-0203-2

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Advances in Research on the ITCZ: Mean Position, Model Bias, and Anthropogenic Aerosol Influences

赤道辐合带相关研究进展：平均位置、模式偏差和人为气溶胶影响

Hua ZHANG^{1, 2, 3,},
Xinyu MA^1,,
Shuyun ZHAO^{1, 2, 3, ,},
Linghan KONG^1,

+ Author Affiliations + Find other works by these authors

Corresponding author: Shuyun ZHAO, zhaosy@cug.edu.cn;

Funds:

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42005128) and National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFA0603502)

DOI: 10.1007/s13351-021-0203-2

Abstract

Abstract

The zonal-mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and its shift in the meridional direction significantly influence both the tropical and even global climate. This work reviews three aspects of the progress in ITCZ-relevant research: 1) the mechanism behind the asymmetry of the ITCZ annual- and zonal-mean positions relative to the equator; 2) causes of the double-ITCZ problem (pervasive in climate models) and the efforts to solve it; and 3) the physical mechanisms by which anthropogenic aerosols affect the location of the zonal-mean ITCZ. According to recent studies, the north-of-the-equator location of the annual- and zonal-mean ITCZ is mainly driven by the cross-equatorial energy transports in the ocean, induced by the Atlantic overturning circulation. A quantitative relationship between the ITCZ shift and the anomalous cross-equatorial energy transport in the atmosphere has been found. Presently, the double-ITCZ problem is still the most common and pronounced bias in tropical precipitation simulations with climate models. Recently, some studies have found that simply correcting the biases in hemispheric energy contrast does not improve the simulation of the ITCZ with climate models; whereas others have found that improving model resolutions and convective parameterizations in climate models, such as entrainment rate, rain-droplet re-evaporation, and convection triggering function, can alleviate the double-ITCZ bias. Therefore, it seems that the double-ITCZ problem in climate models is rooted in the complex physics of the models, which is not yet well-understood. In addition, anthropogenic aerosols are suggested to be able to induce meridional shifts of the ITCZ, but through various physical mechanisms. Absorbing aerosols like black carbon influence the ITCZ position basically via instantaneous absorption of shortwave radiation in the atmosphere, whereas scattering aerosols like sulfate affect the location of the ITCZ through the cloud lifetime effect and the subsequent response of surface evaporation.
- intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ),
- cross-equatorial energy transport,
- double-ITCZ,
- aerosol
摘要

本文从三个方面回顾了赤道辐合带（ITCZ）的相关研究进展。（1）ITCZ位移的原因。ITCZ年平均与纬向平均位置均位于赤道以北，这主要是由大西洋翻转环流引起的海洋越赤道能量传输驱动的。ITCZ位移与大气中异常越赤道能量传输存在定量关系。（2）双赤道辐合带（Double-ITCZ）问题（即气候模式中普遍存在的热带降水模拟偏差）的成因和解决途径。有研究发现，改进模式的分辨率和对流参数，如夹卷率、雨滴再蒸发和对流触发机制等可以缓解Double-ITCZ偏差。Double-ITCZ问题可能根源于气候模式中物理机制的不完善（当今大部分气候模式仍然没有解决这一问题）。（3）人为气溶胶影响纬向平均ITCZ南北位置的物理机制。黑碳等吸收性气溶胶影响ITCZ位置的原因在于其对大气短波辐射的瞬时吸收，而硫酸盐等散射性气溶胶则通过云生命时间效应引起的蒸发响应来影响ITCZ的位置。
- 赤道辐合带,
- 越赤道能量输送,
- 双赤道辐合带,
- 气溶胶

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Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the relationship between the atmospheric cross-equatorial energy (moisture) transport and the position of the ITCZ.

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Fig. 1. The climatological mean position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in each month (black line: global; red line: Indo–western Pacific, 50°E–150°W; cyan line: eastern Pacific, 150°–77.5°W; green line: Atlantic, 50°W–0). Data are from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly mean precipitation from 1981 to 2010, and the ITCZ position at each longitude is represented by the precipitation centroid between 15°S and 15°N. Similar plots denoting the seasonal cycle of the ITCZ position can be found in many previous studies, e.g., Voigt et al. (2016).

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Fig. 3. Long-term annual-mean precipitation (mm day⁻¹) over the tropics (30°S–30°N) from (a) the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observation, and (b) the phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) multi-model ensemble mean. (c) Long-term annual-mean precipitation bias (model − observation; mm day⁻¹) over the tropics (30°S–30°N). The black dashed boxes in (c) show where the south branch of the double-ITCZ bias is located in model results. Data are from the annual-mean precipitation data of TRMM3b43 from 1998 to 2010, and the historical run of CMIP6 from 1981 to 2010. Similar plots denoting the double-ITCZ bias can be found in many previous studies, e.g., Samanta et al. (2019) and Tian and Dong (2020).

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Fig. 4. Schematic plots of the physical mechanisms by which (a) black carbon and (b) sulfate aerosols impact the position of the ITCZ, originating from Zhao and Suzuki (2019). In the plots, cross-equatorial energy and moisture transports are both anomalous terms, and evaporation is the interhemispheric contrast of anomalous terms (Southern Hemisphere − Northern Hemisphere). Red fonts mark the most important initial forcing in the physical mechanisms of the ITCZ displacement caused by the two types of aerosols.

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Zhang, H., X. Y. Ma, S. Y. Zhao, et al., 2021: Advances in research on the ITCZ: Mean position, model bias, and anthropogenic aerosol influences. J. Meteor. Res., 35(5), 729–742, doi: 10.1007/s13351-021-0203-2.

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Manuscript History

Received: 29 November 2020

Revised: 26 May 2021

Accepted: 27 June 2021

Available online: 13 July 2021

Final form: 05 July 2021

Typeset Proofs: 21 July 2021

Issue in Progress: 19 August 2021

Published online: 25 October 2021

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Advances in Research on the ITCZ: Mean Position, Model Bias, and Anthropogenic Aerosol Influences

赤道辐合带相关研究进展：平均位置、模式偏差和人为气溶胶影响

Abstract