Research on Earth System Models and Numerical Simulations¹

The Earth system is a complex, nonlinear, and highly coupled system that integrates the atmosphere, land, ocean, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere through various physical, chemical, and biological processes. The Earth System Model (ESM) is an advanced mathematical-physical representation of this intricate system. It extends beyond the traditional climate system models that focus primarily on the physical representation of atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic states to encompass environmental and ecological dynamics. Consequently, ESMs are essential tools not only for weather and climate prediction but also for studying environmental and ecological evolution, human-induced climate impacts, and optimizing strategies for climate and ecological management.