Progress and Perspective of Convection and Cloud Parameterization in Numerical Models: Contributions from Chinese Scientists

As a part of the special issue commemorating the centennial of the Journal of Meteorological Research, this article reviews the advances of convection and cloud parameterizations in numerical models, focusing on the significant contributions of Chinese scientists in this field. This review begins by outlining the development of convection parameterization, including the Kuo scheme, moist convective adjustment scheme, the widely used mass flux schemes, and the machine learning-based schemes. It details the schemes developed and revised by Chinese scientists, as well as the resulting improvements to the numerical models by these schemes. Following this, this review delves into the progress of cloud parameterization schemes and elaborates on the achievements of Chinese scientists in both cloud macrophysics and microphysics schemes. At the end, the review discusses the possible future avenues in the development of convection and cloud parameterization, highlighting the pivotal role anticipated for deep learning, and suggests pathways for the advancement of hybrid models and multiscale climate modeling methods.