Validation of Column-Averaged Dry-Air Mole Fraction of CO₂ Retrieved from OCO-2 Using Ground-Based FTS Measurements

In order to correctly use the column-averaged atmospheric CO₂ dry-air mole fraction (XCO₂) data in the CO₂ flux studies, XCO₂ measurements retrieved from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) in 2015 were compared with those obtained from the global ground-based high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) participating in the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The XCO₂ retrieved from three observing modes adopted by OCO-2, i.e., nadir, target, and glint, were separately validated by the FTS measurements at up to eight TCCON stations located in different areas. These comparisons show that OCO-2 glint mode yields the best qualitative estimations of CO₂ concentration among the three operational approaches. The overall results regarding the glint mode show no obvious systematic biases. These facts may indicate that the glint concept is appropriate for not only oceans but also land regions. Negative systematic biases in nadir and target modes have been found at most TCCON sites. The standard deviations of XCO₂ retrieved from target and nadir modes within the observation period are simi-lar, and larger than those from glint mode. We also used the FTS site in Beijing, China, to assess the OCO-2 XCO₂ in 2016. This site is located in a typical urban area, which has been absent in previous studies. Overall, OCO-2 XCO₂ agrees well with that from FTS at this site. Such a study will benefit the validation of the newly launched TanSat products in China.